5 Stages of kidney failure

Stage 1

There is evidence of kidney damage (e.g., proteinuria, abnormal imaging, or structural abnormalities) even though overall kidney function appears normal.

Patients might have few or no symptoms.

Early detection is critical for managing underlying causes such as diabetes or hypertension.

Stage2

Mild loss of kidney function.

Often still few symptoms, but subtle changes (like slightly raised blood pressure or minimal proteinuria) may be present.

Management focuses on mitigating risk factors and slowing further progression.

Stage 3

Noticeable decline in kidney function.

Symptoms may include fatigue, fluid retention (leading to swelling, particularly in the legs), and changes in urine output.

More intensive management is required to control blood pressure, blood sugar, and to limit further damage from other conditions.

Stage 4

The loss of kidney function is severe.

Symptoms become more pronounced, which can include severe fatigue, significant fluid retention, high blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances.

Preparations for renal replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplant) typically begin during this stage.

Stage 5

The kidneys are functioning at less than 15% of normal.

Life-sustaining treatments such as dialysis or a kidney transplant become necessary.

Patients usually experience a more significant decline in overall health and quality of life, with complex management needs.